How to know if you’ve got epilepsy

What is epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a chronic condition of the brain characterised by abnormal electrical activity that leads to seizures. A seizure can manifest in many ways, from dramatic convulsions to subtle lapses in attention.

Epilepsy is not contagious, and it affects individuals differently based on the type of epilepsy, age of onset, and overall health.

It is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, with over 151,000 people living with the condition in Australia alone. Although it can develop at any age, it is most often diagnosed in childhood or later in life after the age of 60.

What are the common epilepsy symptoms?

The hallmark symptom of epilepsy is recurrent seizures, but seizures can look very different depending on the type of epilepsy a person has.

Recognising these symptoms can be challenging, especially when they are subtle.

1. Generalised seizures

Generalised seizures involve abnormal electrical activity across the entire brain.

Symptoms of these types of seizures include:

Tonic-clonic seizures (previously called grand mal seizures)

• Sudden loss of consciousness
• Stiffening and jerking of muscles
• Difficulty breathing or turning blue during the episode
• Post-seizure confusion, headache, or fatigue

Absence seizures

• Short episodes of blank staring
• Subtle facial movements, such as blinking or lip-smacking
• These seizures are often mistaken for daydreaming, especially in children

Myoclonic seizures

• Sudden and brief muscle jerks, often in the arms or legs
• May occur shortly after waking up

Atonic seizures

• Sudden loss of muscle strength, causing the person to collapse or fall

2. Focal seizures

Focal seizures begin in one specific area of the brain and may spread to other areas. Symptoms include:

Simple focal seizures

• No loss of awareness
• Unusual sensations, such as tingling, dizziness, or smelling an odour that isn’t there
• Twitching in one part of the body

Complex focal seizures

• Altered consciousness or awareness
• Repetitive movements like fidgeting, chewing, or rubbing hands together

Secondary generalised seizures

• Begin as focal seizures and spread to involve the entire brain, causing symptoms similar to generalised seizures

3. Non-seizure epilepsy symptoms

Epilepsy can also present symptoms that aren’t directly related to seizures, such as:

• Persistent fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating or memory problems
• Mood disturbances, including anxiety and depression

What triggers seizures?

For people with epilepsy, seizures may seem unpredictable, but certain factors can increase the likelihood of a seizure.

Common triggers include:

• Sleep deprivation: Lack of adequate rest is a significant trigger for many.
• Stress: Emotional or physical stress can lead to increased seizure activity.
• Alcohol or substance use: Excessive alcohol consumption or withdrawal can provoke seizures.
• Photosensitivity: For some individuals, flashing lights or repetitive visual patterns can trigger seizures.
• Illness: Fever or infections can lower the seizure threshold.
• Hormonal changes: Menstrual cycles or hormonal fluctuations can sometimes lead to seizures.

Understanding and tracking your triggers can help manage epilepsy more effectively.

Recognising seizures: when to seek medical advice

Seizures aren’t always dramatic, and subtle signs are often overlooked or misinterpreted.

If you or someone you know experiences any of the following, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional:

1. A first-time seizure: Experiencing a seizure for the first time warrants immediate evaluation, as it could be a sign of epilepsy or another underlying issue.
2. Recurring episodes: Repeated events of unconsciousness, confusion, or unusual behaviour should be investigated.
3. Changes in seizure patterns: For those already diagnosed, an increase in frequency or severity is a cause for concern.
4. Prolonged recovery: Difficulty returning to normal after a seizure can indicate complications.

The importance of early diagnosis

Diagnosing epilepsy early ensures timely intervention, reducing the risk of injury and improving quality of life.

An accurate diagnosis is crucial to determine the type of epilepsy and the best treatment approach.

Here's how the diagnostic process works:

1. Medical history

A detailed account of seizure episodes is critical. Questions a doctor might ask include:

• When did the seizures start?
• What happens during a seizure?
• Are there any known triggers?

2. Physical and neurological exams

Doctors will assess overall brain and nerve function to identify potential causes.

3. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

This test measures electrical activity in the brain and can detect abnormal patterns that indicate epilepsy.

4. Imaging tests

MRI or CT scans may be used to identify structural abnormalities in the brain.

Living with epilepsy: Management strategies

Epilepsy can feel overwhelming, but many people live full and active lives with the right management plan.

Treatment often involves a combination of medication, lifestyle adjustments, and support.

1. Medications

Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the most common treatment for controlling seizures.

The choice of medication depends on the type of seizures and individual factors like age and other health conditions.

While AEDs can significantly reduce or eliminate seizures, side effects like dizziness or fatigue are possible.

2. Lifestyle changes

Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help minimise seizure risk:

• Maintain a consistent sleep schedule
• Reduce stress through mindfulness techniques, yoga, or counselling
• Avoid triggers, such as alcohol or flashing lights, when possible

3. Ketogenic diet

For some, especially children with difficult-to-treat epilepsy, a ketogenic diet high in fats and low in carbohydrates can help control seizures.

This diet should always be undertaken with medical supervision.

4. Seizure monitoring tools

Technology, such as wearable seizure detectors or mobile apps, can help track seizure activity and provide data to healthcare providers.

How to support someone with epilepsy

If you see someone having a seizure, it’s essential to act calmly and appropriately. Here’s what you can do:

• Stay with them and ensure they are safe.
• Protect their head by placing something soft underneath it.
• Turn them onto their side to prevent choking.
• Do not restrain their movements or attempt to put anything in their mouth.
• Time the seizure: Call emergency services if it lasts longer than five minutes.

Debunking myths about epilepsy

Epilepsy has been surrounded by myths and misunderstandings for centuries.

Addressing these misconceptions is crucial for reducing stigma and promoting awareness.

Myth 1

People with epilepsy can’t live normal lives.

Fact

With proper treatment, most individuals with epilepsy lead active and fulfilling lives.

Myth 2

Epilepsy is contagious.

Fact

Epilepsy is a neurological condition and cannot be passed from one person to another.

Myth 3

You should hold down someone having a seizure.

Fact

This can cause injury. Let the seizure run its course while ensuring the person’s safety.

When epilepsy impacts employment

Epilepsy can sometimes present challenges in the workplace. Flexible job arrangements and supportive employers can make a significant difference.

At APM, we help eligible people with disability, injury or health conditions, find meaningful employment and achieve their career goals.

If you’re seeking workplace accommodations or job opportunities, speak to us about applying for Inclusive Employment Australia.

Taking the first step

If you recognise any of the signs of epilepsy, don’t wait to seek medical advice. Early intervention can improve seizure control and enhance your quality of life.

Consult your doctor or connect with local epilepsy organisations to get started on the path to diagnosis and treatment.

Living well with epilepsy with the right treatment and support

Epilepsy is a complex condition, but understanding its symptoms, triggers, and management options is the first step to living well with the condition.

By recognising the signs and seeking appropriate care, you or your loved ones can take control and lead fulfilling lives.

Remember, if you are concerned about epilepsy symptoms, consult a healthcare professional to ensure an accurate diagnosis and personalised care plan.

Resources and further reading

• Epilepsy - Health Direct
• Newly diagnosed with epilepsy toolkit - Epilepsy Foundation
• Understanding epilepsy - Epilepsy Action Australia
• Managing epilepsy - Epilepsy Foundation Australia

About this article

APM supports people with disability, injury, or a health condition through various programs and services across its businesses, including Inclusive Employment Australia in Australia.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

When discussing disability, APM’s copy style is to use person-first language and the social model of disability in the first instance. Some articles may use identity-first language or refer to the medical model of disability for clarity or to better suit a specific audience.

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